Lesson 35 走近木版年画
Approaching the woodblock New Year Pictures
Zǒu jìn mùbǎn niánhuà
走近木版年画
Approaching the woodblock New Year Pictures
Niánhuà de qǐyuán年画的起源The origin of New Year pictures
Niánhuà shì zhōngguóhuà de yī zhǒng,
年画是中国画的一种，
New Year paintings are a type of Chinese painting,
shǐ yú gǔdài de ménshén huà.
始于古代的门神画。
which began with ancient door god paintings.
Yǒu wénxiàn jìzǎi:
有文献记载：
There is a documentary record:
Chuánshuō hěnjiǔ yǐqián,
传说很久以前，
Legend has it that a long time ago,
yǒuyī duì xiōngdì, zhuānmén jiāndū bǎi guǐ,
有一对兄弟，专门监督百鬼，
there was a pair of brothers who specially supervised a hundred ghosts.
fāxiàn xiōng'è de guǐ jiù kǔnbǎng qǐlái,
发现凶恶的鬼就捆绑起来，
When they found vicious ghosts, they tied them up.
wúxū jiēlù è xíng, zhíjiē qù wèi lǎohǔ.
无须揭露恶行，直接去喂老虎。
They didn't need to expose their evil deeds and went directly to feed the tigers.
Yúshì yǒurén zài mén shàng huà shàng tāmen xiōngdì èr rén de xiàng, yòng yǐ fáng guǐ,
于是有人在门上画上他们兄弟二人的像，用以防鬼，
So someone painted a portrait of their brothers on the door to guard against ghosts.
zhè jiùshì zuìzǎo de ménshén huà.
这就是最早的门神画。
This is the earliest door god painting.
Suízhe táng sòng liǎng cháo jīngjì de fǎ zhǎn,
随着唐宋两朝经济的发展，
With the economic development of the Tang and Song dynasties,
wénhuà de chāngshèng yǐjí mínjiān huìhuà shuǐpíng de tígāo,
文化的昌盛以及民间绘画水平的提高，
the prosperity of culture and the improvement of the level of folk painting,
ménshén huà de nèiróng déyǐ tàzhǎn,
门神画的内容得以拓展，
the content of door god paintings has been expanded,
fǎnyìng shìsú shēnghuó tícái de zuòpǐn jìnrùle zhè yī lǐngyù.
反映世俗生活题材的作品进入了这一领域。
and works reflecting the themes of secular life have entered this field.
Zhīhòu, yǒu qīngcháo xuézhě zài lùnshù zhè lèi huàzuò shí zhèngshì shǐyòngle “niánhuà” yī cí,
之后，有清朝学者在论述这类画作时正式使用了“年画”一词，
Later, some scholars in the Qing Dynasty formally used the term "New Year's painting" when discussing such paintings.
zì cǐ, yǐ qūzhú huò xiōng,
自此，以驱逐祸凶、
Since then, paintings with the content of expelling evil
zhùfú xīnnián jíxiáng xǐqìng wèi nèiróng de huàr jiù jiào niánhuàle.
祝福新年吉祥喜庆为内容的画儿就叫年画了。
and blessings for the new year are called New Year paintings.
Mùbǎn niánhuà
木版年画
Woodblock New Year Pictures
Zàozhǐ jìshù de fǎ míng shì rénlèi wénhuà fāzhǎn shǐshàng yīgè zhòngyào de lǐchéngbēi.
造纸技术的发明是人类文化发展史上一个重要的里程碑。
The invention of papermaking technology is an important milestone in the history of human cultural development.
Yǒule zhǐ, shūxiě jiù xūyào mòshuǐr,
有了纸，书写就需要墨水儿，
With paper, ink is needed for writing,
yúshì yǒurén fà míng le mò;
于是有人发明了墨；
so some people invented ink;
zìhuà, shūxìn shàng xūyào gài zhāng,
字画、书信上需要盖章，
calligraphy, painting and letters need to be stamped,
yúshì yìnzhāng kāishǐ liúxíng;
于是印章开始流行；
so seals became popular;
bēikè, tà yìn jìshù bèi guǎngfàn yùnyòng,
碑刻、拓印技术被广泛运用，
inscriptions and rubbing techniques are widely used,
yúshì yǒurén liánxiǎng dào:
于是有人联想到：
so some people thought of it:
Zhèxiē jìshù jiéhé qǐlái, bù jiù néng yìn chū shū lái ma!
这些技术结合起来，不就能印出书来吗！
if these technologies are combined, can't you print a book!
Rénmen chángshì bǎ yìnzhāng kuòdà chéngyī zhāng zhǐ nàme dà, jiào zuò “bǎn”,
人们尝试把印章扩大成一张纸那么大，叫作“版”，
People try to enlarge the seal to the size of a piece of paper, called a "plate",
ránhòu bǎ shū de nèiróng kè zài bǎn shàng,
然后把书的内容刻在版上，
then engrave the content of the book on the plate,
zài bǎn shàng túmǒ shàng mò, bǎ zhǐ pù dào shàngmiàn,
在版上涂抹上墨，把纸铺到上面，
smear ink on the plate, spread the paper on top,
yòng shuāzi jūnyún de shuā yìn,
用刷子均匀地刷印，
and evenly print with a brush,
zuìhòu jiāng zhǐ jiē qǐ, yìn pǐn jiù chūláile,
最后将纸揭起，印品就出来了，
Fand finally, the paper is lifted, and the printed product comes out.
zhè jiùshì zuìzǎo de diāobǎn yìnshuā.
这就是最早的雕版印刷。
This is the earliest engraving.
Suīrán diāobǎn yìnshuā zhōng diāokè bǎnmiàn xūyào dàliàng de réngōng hé cáiliào,
虽然雕版印刷中雕刻版面需要大量的人工和材料，
Although engraving the layout in engraving printing requires a lot of manpower and materials,
dàn diāobǎn wánchéng hòu yījīng kāi yìn,
但雕版完成后一经开印，
once the engraving is completed,
jiù xiǎnshì chū kōngqián de gāo xiàolǜ hé yìnshuā liàng dà de yōuyuè xìng.
就显示出空前的高效率和印刷量大的优越性。
it shows the superiority of unprecedented high efficiency and large printing volume.
Dān sè yìn pǐn zhōngjiù bùnéng mǎnzú rénmen de shěnměi xūqiú,
单色印品终究不能满足人们的审美需求，
After all, monochromatic prints could not meet people's aesthetic needs,
zhīhòu jiù yǒule cǎisè tàoyìn jìshù.
之后就有了彩色套印技术。
and then color overprint technology was introduced.
Rénmen bǎ zhè zhǒng jìshù yùnyòng dào niánhuà zhìzuò shàng,
人们把这种技术运用到年画制作上，
People applied this technique to the production of New Year pictures,
mùbǎn cǎisè tàoyìn niánhuà jiùcǐ dànshēng.
木版彩色套印年画就此诞生。
and the woodblock color overprint New Year pictures was born.
Sòng míng liǎng dài,
宋明两代，
In the Song and Ming dynasties,
mùbǎn niánhuà cóng wènshì zǒuxiàng chéngshú,
木版年画从问世走向成熟，
the woodblock New Year pictures came out to maturity,
zhīhòu zǒu jìn le bǎixìng shēnghuó,
之后走进了百姓生活，
and then entered the lives of the people,
yǐzhì guònián tiē niánhuà chéngwéile yī zhǒng fēngshàng,
以至过年贴年画成为了一种风尚，
and even the New Year paintings became a fashion,
fǎngfú méiyǒu niánhuà, méiyǒu yānhuā bàozhú,
仿佛没有年画，没有烟花爆竹，
as if there were no New Year pictures, no fireworks and firecrackers,
méiyǒu chūnlián jiù bù jiào guònián,
没有春联就不叫过年，
and no Spring Festival couplets, it would not be called the New Year,
ér jìtuōzhe bǎixìng měihǎo yuànwàng de niánhuà, yě wèi chūnjié zēngtiānle nóng nóng de nián wèi.
而寄托着百姓美好愿望的年画，也为春节增添了浓浓的年味。
but the annual painting of the people's beautiful desire is also added to the Spring Festival.
Dāngshí de lìng yī shèngkuàng shì,
当时的另一盛况是，
Another grand occasion at that time was that
jiāzú shì de niánhuà yìn zhì chǎngsuǒ biànjí quánguó gèdì.
家族式的年画印制场所遍及全国各地。
family-style printing of New Year pictures spread all over the country.
Zhè qíjiān,
这期间，
During this period,
niánhuà de nèiróng yě cóng wēiwǔ de ménshén,
年画的内容也从威武的门神，扩展到期盼丰收、
the content of New Year's paintings also expanded from the mighty door god to the Jiqing paintings that are due for a good harvest,
kuòzhǎn dào qí pàn fēngshōu, gōngxǐ fācái, liánnián yǒuyú de jíqìng huà,
恭喜发财、连年有余的吉庆画，
Congratulations to make a fortune, a lucky painting that lasts for more than a year,
zài dào lìshǐ gùshì, xìqǔ rénwù, mínjiān xiàohuà, yùyán hé shénhuà,
再到历史故事、戏曲人物、民间笑话、寓言和神话，
and then to historical stories, opera characters, folk jokes, fables and myths.
nèiróng wú suǒ bù bāo.
内容无所不包。
The content is all-encompassing.
Niánhuà chéngle wénhuà jiāoliú, dàodé jiàoyù,
年画成了文化交流、道德教育、
New Year pictures have become a carrier and tool for cultural exchanges, moral education,
xìnyǎng chuánchéng de zàitǐ yǔ gōngjù, shì lǎobǎixìng xǐwénlèjiàn de wénhuà yìshù xíngshì.
信仰传承的载体与工具，是老百姓喜闻乐见的文化艺术形式。
and faith inheritance, and are a form of culture and art that people like to see and hear.
Niánhuà chuánrén zhāngguāngníng
年画传人张光宁
New Year Pictures Successor Zhang Guangning
Dì yī cì jiàn dào zhāngguāngníng de mùbǎn niánhuà, shì zài chūnjié miàohuì shàng.
第一次见到张光宁的木版年画，是在春节庙会上。
The first time I saw Zhang Guangning's woodblock New Year paintings was at the Spring Festival temple fair.
Zài zhòngduō tānwèi zhōng,
在众多摊位中，
Among the many booths,
tā de liǎng zhī mùbǎn cǎisè tàoyìn jìshù zuò chéng de bù lǎohǔ shénqì jíle.
他的两只木版彩色套印技术做成的布老虎神气极了。
the cloth tigers made by his two woodblock color overprinting techniques were very impressive.
Nà hǔ qiàozhe wěibā,
那虎翘着尾巴，
The tiger had its tail up
shéntài bīzhēn,
神态逼真，
and looked lifelike,
shēnshang zhuāngshìzhe cǎihuì huāwén hé shèngkāi de huāduǒ,
身上装饰着彩绘花纹和盛开的花朵，
decorated with painted patterns and blooming flowers,
quánshēn sànfàzhe xǐqì.
全身散发着喜气。
and the whole body exudes joy.
Wǒ wèn duōshao qián,
我问多少钱，
When I asked how much it was,
tā sǒng sǒngjiān, duì wǒ shuō: “Zhè shì wèizhōuhǔ.”
他耸耸肩，对我说：“这是魏州虎。”
he shrugged and said to me, "This is Weizhou Tiger."
Yánwàizhīyì shì zài gàosù wǒ zhège wàiháng,
言外之意是在告诉我这个外行，
The implication is to tell me this layman,
zhè hǔ kěshì xì chū míngmén.
这虎可是系出名门。
this tiger is famous.
Wǒ xīn xiǎng: “Wèi zhōu shì nǎr?
我心想：“魏州是哪儿？
I thought to myself: "Where is Weizhou?
Wǒ bù zhīdao biérén yě wèibì zhīdao,
我不知道别人也未必知道，
I don’t know that others may not know,
zhè suàn shénme tuīxiāo shù?”
这算什么推销术？”
what kind of salesmanship is this? "
Zhè shì tā gěi wǒ liú xià de dì yī yìnxiàng.
这是他给我留下的第一印象。
This is his first impression on me.
“Zhège mài niánhuà de bù xiàng gè shāngrén”,
“这个卖年画的不像个商人”，
"This man who sells New Year pictures doesn't look like a businessman",
zhè shì tā gěi wǒ liú xià de dì èr yìnxiàng.
这是他给我留下的第二印象。
this is the second impression he left on me.
Dāng nǐ hé tā tǎojiàhuánjià de shíhòu,
当你和他讨价还价的时候，
When you bargain with him,
tā lìkè jiù biàn dé bù hǎoyìsi qǐlái, shuōhuà tūntūntǔtǔ.
他立刻就变得不好意思起来，说话吞吞吐吐。
he immediately becomes embarrassed and hesitates.
Shénme “zhè shì chún shǒugōng de” “cán cì pǐn bùkě bìmiǎn” zhèxiē xiànchéng de “xièjué” huán jià de lǐyóu tā yītiáo yě shuō bu chūlái,
什么“这是纯手工的” “残次品不可避免”这些现成的“谢绝”还价的理由他一条也说不出来，
"This is purely handmade", "Defective products are inevitable", and these ready-made "decline" reasons for bargaining, he can't say a single reason,
xiāngfǎn què láo láo dāo dāo de zǒng xiǎng hé nǐ tǎolùn mùbǎn niánhuà zhōng shēnhòu de wénhuà dǐyùn.
相反却唠唠叨叨地总想和你讨论木版年画中深厚的文化底蕴。
On the contrary, I always want to discuss with you the profound cultural background of the woodblock New Year pictures.
Xiāngshí jiǔle cái zhīdao,
相识久了才知道，
I have known each other for a long time to realize that
tā zài niánhuà de gùxiāng chūshēng, zhǎng dà,
他在年画的故乡出生、长大，
he was born and raised in the hometown of New Year pictures.
cóngxiǎo jiù huà niánhuà, jīběngōng zhāshi,
从小就画年画，基本功扎实，
He has been painting New Year pictures since he was a child. He has solid basic skills.
hòulái yòu duì niánhuà de gòutú chuàngzuò, rénwù sùzào, diāobǎn shǒufǎ, yánliào jiāgōng děng jìnxíngle guǎngfàn de yánjiū.
后来又对年画的构图创作、人物塑造、雕版手法、颜料加工等进行了广泛的研究。
Later, he has conducted extensive research on composition creation, character modeling, engraving techniques and paint processing of New Year pictures.
Dāng tā de zuòpǐn zhúbù bèi shìchǎng rènkě hòu,
当他的作品逐步被市场认可后，
When his works were gradually recognized by the market,
tā yòu bù mǎnzúle,
他又不满足了，
he was dissatisfied again.
Zhōngguó niánhuà suī bù fēn pàibié,
中国年画虽不分派别，
Although Chinese New Year pictures are not divided into different groups,
dàn bùtóng dìqū de niánhuà gè yǒu suǒ cháng,
但不同地区的年画各有所长，
the New Year pictures in different regions have their own strengths
dōu zhídé xuéxí jièjiàn.
都值得学习借鉴。
and are worth learning.
Yúshì, tā zàijiēzàilì,
于是，他再接再厉，
As a result, he made persistent efforts,
shù niánjiān zǒu biànle quánguó gè dà niánhuà chǎndì,
数年间走遍了全国各大年画产地，
and in a few years traveled all over the country's major New Year painting producing areas
yǔ tóngxíng jìnxíng guǎngfàn de jiāoliú.
与同行进行广泛的交流。
to conduct extensive exchanges with his colleagues.
Bùjǐn rúcǐ,
不仅如此，
Not only that,
cānjiā mínsú wénhuà xúnzhǎn, zǒu jìn dàxué hé shī shēng jiù xiāngguān zhǔtí jìnxíng yántǎo, jiāoliú yìshù xīndé, tā cóng bù quēxí.
参加民俗文化巡展，走进大学和师生就相关主题进行研讨，交流艺术心得，他从不缺席。
he has never been absent from participating in the folk culture tour, entering the university and discussing related topics with teachers and students, and exchanging artistic experience.
Zhāngguāngníng yīniándàotóu zhēn gòu máng de,
张光宁一年到头真够忙的，
Zhang Guangning is really busy all year round,
kě tā zǒng shì gànjìng shízú.
可他总是干劲十足。
but he is always full of energy.
Tā céng zhēnchéng de shuō:
他曾真诚地说：
He once said sincerely:
“Niánhuà zhànjùle wǒ shēngmìng de quánbù,
“年画占据了我生命的全部，
"New Year pictures occupies all of my life.
wǒ xǐhuan tā, rè'ài tā, kào tā shēnghuó,
我喜欢它，热爱它，靠它生活，
I like it, love it, live by it,
yě zài nǔlì tànsuǒ tā, fāzhǎn tā,”
也在努力探索它、发展它、”
and I am working hard to explore and develop it."
Shì a, yù shì jīngyíng niánhuà jiǔle, tā duì niánhuà jiù yù shì rè'ài.
是啊,愈是经营年画久了,他对年画就愈是热爱。
Yes, the longer he manages New Year paintings, the more he loves New Year paintings.
Tā yǐ quèlìle zìjǐ de mùbiāo-chuán tā xǐ'ài de zhè yī mínsú wénhuà.
他已确立了自己的目标－传他喜爱的这一民俗文化。
He has established his goal-to spread the folk culture he loves.
Tā de xìnniàn jiùshì tàzhǎn niánhuà de nèiróng,
他的信念就是拓展年画的內容,
His belief is to expand the content of New Year pictures,
shǐ qí yǎsúgòngshǎng wèi gèng duō mínzhòng suǒ xǐ'ài,
使其雅俗共赏为更多民众所喜爱,
make it both elegant and popular to be loved by more people,
Suīrán rènzhòngdàoyuǎn,
虽然任重道远,
although there is a long way to go,
yě bù huì yīfānfēngshùn,
也不会一帆风顺，
and it will not be smooth sailing,
dàn tā yīdìng huì jiānchí xiàqù.
但他一定会坚持下去。
but he will definitely stick to it.
Full Translation
Approaching the woodblock New Year Pictures
The origin of New Year pictures
New Year paintings are a type of Chinese painting, which began with ancient door god paintings. There is a documentary record: Legend has it that a long time ago, there was a pair of brothers who specially supervised a hundred ghosts. When they found vicious ghosts, they tied them up. They didn't need to expose their evil deeds and went directly to feed the tigers. So someone painted a portrait of their brothers on the door to guard against ghosts. This is the earliest door god painting. With the economic development of the Tang and Song dynasties, the prosperity of culture and the improvement of the level of folk painting, the content of door god paintings has been expanded, and works reflecting the themes of secular life have entered this field. Later, some scholars in the Qing Dynasty formally used the term "New Year's painting" when discussing such paintings. Since then, paintings with the content of expelling evil and blessings for the new year are called New Year paintings.
Woodblock New Year Pictures
The invention of papermaking technology is an important milestone in the history of human cultural development. With paper, ink is needed for writing, so some people invented ink; calligraphy, painting and letters need to be stamped, so seals became popular; inscriptions and rubbing techniques are widely used, so some people thought of it: if these technologies are combined, can't you print a book! People try to enlarge the seal to the size of a piece of paper, called a "plate", then engrave the content of the book on the plate, smear ink on the plate, spread the paper on top, and evenly print with a brush, and finally, the paper is lifted, and the printed product comes out. This is the earliest engraving. Although engraving the layout in engraving printing requires a lot of manpower and materials, once the engraving is completed, it shows the superiority of unprecedented high efficiency and large printing volume. After all, monochromatic prints could not meet people's aesthetic needs, and then color overprint technology was introduced. People applied this technique to the production of New Year pictures, and the woodblock color overprint New Year pictures was born. In the Song and Ming dynasties, the woodblock New Year pictures came out to maturity, and then entered the lives of the people, and even the New Year paintings became a fashion, as if there were no New Year pictures, no fireworks and firecrackers, and no Spring Festival couplets, it would not be called the New Year, but the annual painting of the people's beautiful desire is also added to the Spring Festival. Another grand occasion at that time was that family-style printing of New Year pictures spread all over the country. During this period, the content of New Year's paintings also expanded from the mighty door god to the Jiqing paintings that are due for a good harvest, congratulations to make a fortune, a lucky painting that lasts for more than a year, and then to historical stories, opera characters, folk jokes, fables and myths. The content is all-encompassing.
New Year pictures have become a carrier and tool for cultural exchanges, moral education, and faith inheritance, and are a form of culture and art that people like to see and hear.
New Year Pictures Successor Zhang Guangning
The first time I saw Zhang Guangning's woodblock New Year paintings was at the Spring Festival temple fair. Among the many booths, the cloth tigers made by his two woodblock color overprinting techniques were very impressive. The tiger had its tail up and looked lifelike, decorated with painted patterns and blooming flowers, and the whole body exudes joy. When I asked how much it was, he shrugged and said to me, "This is Weizhou Tiger." The implication is to tell me this layman, this tiger is famous. I thought to myself: "Where is Weizhou? I don’t know that others may not know, what kind of salesmanship is this? " This is his first impression on me. "This man who sells New Year pictures doesn't look like a businessman", this is the second impression he left on me. When you bargain with him, he immediately becomes embarrassed and hesitates. "This is purely handmade", "Defective products are inevitable", and these ready-made "decline" reasons for bargaining, he can't say a single reason, On the contrary, I always want to discuss with you the profound cultural background of the woodblock New Year pictures.
I have known each other for a long time to realize that he was born and raised in the hometown of New Year pictures.
He has been painting New Year pictures since he was a child. He has solid basic skills. Later, he has conducted extensive research on composition creation, character modeling, engraving techniques and paint processing of New Year pictures.
When his works were gradually recognized by the market, he was dissatisfied again. Although Chinese New Year pictures are not divided into different groups, the New Year pictures in different regions have their own strengths and are worth learning. As a result, he made persistent efforts, and in a few years traveled all over the country's major New Year painting producing areas
to conduct extensive exchanges with his colleagues.
Not only that, he has never been absent from participating in the folk culture tour, entering the university and discussing related topics with teachers and students, and exchanging artistic experience. Zhang Guangning is really busy all year round, but he is always full of energy. He once said sincerely: "New Year pictures occupies all of my life. I like it, love it, live by it, and I am working hard to explore and develop it." Yes, the longer he manages New Year paintings, the more he loves New Year paintings. He has established his goal-to spread the folk culture he loves. His belief is to expand the content of New Year pictures, to make it both elegant and popular to be loved by more people, although there is a long way to go, and it will not be smooth sailing, but he will definitely stick to it.
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