Lesson 36 中国古代书院
The ancient Chinese academies
Zhōngguó gǔdài shūyuàn
中国古代书院
The ancient Chinese academies
Zhōngguó cángshū de lìshǐ hěn cháng, yǒu 2000 duōniánle,
中国藏书的历史很长，有2000多年了，
The history of China's book collection is very long, more than 2,000 years old.
yǒu guānfāng cángshū, yěyǒu sīrén cángshū.
有官方藏书，也有私人藏书。
There are official collections and private collections.
Táng dài yǒurén bǎ cángshū de dìfāng chēng zuò shūyuàn,
唐代有人把藏书的地方称作书院，
In the Tang Dynasty, some people called the place where the books were collected as academies.
zhīhòu gè zhǒng shūyuàn céngchūbùqióng,
之后各种书院层出不穷，
After that, various academies appeared in endlessly,
shènzhì yǒurén bǎ zìjǐ de shūwū yě mìngmíng wèi shūyuàn.
甚至有人把自己的书屋也命名为书院。
and some even named their bookstores as academies.
Shíguāng liúzhuàn,
时光流转，
As time passed,
shūyuàn jiànjiàn fāzhǎn chéngle cángshū,
书院渐渐发展成了藏书、
the academy gradually developed into an educational institution
jiàoxué hé yánjiū xiāng jiéhé de jiàoyù jīgòu.
教学和研究相结合的教育机构。
that combines book collection, teaching and research.
Bǐrú, dōng jiā shūyuàn jiùshì Zhōngguó shūyuàn shǐshàng zuìzǎo yǒngyǒu xuétián,
比如，东佳书院就是中国书院史上最早拥有学田、
For example, Dongjia Academy was the first privately-run academy in the history of Chinese academies that had school fields,
dìng yǒu guīzhāng zhìdù, shōu yǒu xuéshēng de sī bàn shūyuàn.
订有规章制度、收有学生的私办书院。
established rules and regulations, and accepted students.
Tā qiánhòu cúnzàile qiān yú nián,
它前后存在了千余年，
It existed for more than a thousand years,
míngzì gēnghuànle sānsì cì,
名字更换了三四次，
and its name was changed three or four times.
jiézhǐ dào qīngcháo mònián,
截止到清朝末年，
By the end of the Qing Dynasty,
shūyuàn zhìdù zhōngzhǐ,
书院制度终止，
academy system was terminated
dōng jiā shūyuàn gǎi chéngle xuéxiào.
东佳书院改成了学校。
and Dongjia Academy was changed to a school.
Kěyǐ zhèyàng shuō,
可以这样说，
It can be said that
méngyá yú táng, wánbèi yú sòng,
萌芽于唐，完备于宋，
the Dongjia Academy, which sprouted in the Tang, was complete in the Song,
fèizhǐ yú qīng de dōng jiā shūyuàn shì zhōngguó shūyuàn zhìdù de yīgè suōyǐng.
废止于清的东佳书院是中国书院制度的一个缩影。
and was abolished in the Qing, is a microcosm of the Chinese academy system.
Lìshǐ shàng de shūyuàn lìzú yú réncái péiyǎng.
历史上的书院立足于人才培养。
The academy in history is based on the cultivation of talents.
Tā bǎ línghún sùzào kàn dé hé xuéwèn tóngděng zhòngyào;
它把灵魂塑造看得和学问同等重要；
It regards soul shaping as as important as learning;
tíchàng kèkǔ, yánjǐn de zhìxué jīngshén;
提倡刻苦、严谨的治学精神；
promotes hard and rigorous scholarship;
nǔlì shíjiàn zìyóu huópō de bànxué zōngzhǐ.
努力实践自由活泼的办学宗旨。
strives to practice the free and lively purpose of running a school.
Shūyuàn de lìshǐ shì Zhōngguó gǔdài jiàoyù shǐshàng de yī fèn zhēnguì yíchǎn.
书院的历史是中国古代教育史上的一份珍贵遗产。
The history of the Academy is a precious legacy in the history of ancient Chinese education.
Dé yè bìngzhòng shì shūyuàn zìshǐzhìzhōng de zhuīqiú mùbiāo.
德业并重是书院自始至终的追求目标。
Equal emphasis on morality and industry is the goal of the Academy from beginning to end.
Fān kāi gè shídài shūyuàn bānbù de “xué guī”
翻开各时代书院颁布的《学规》
Looking at the "Rules of Study" promulgated by the academies of various eras,
jiù néng fāxiàn, shūyuàn zhòngshì xuéwèn, gèng zhòngshì pǐndé xiūyǎng.
就能发现，书院重视学问，更重视品德修养。
you can find that the academies value learning and moral cultivation.
Bǐrú, lì zé shūyuàn “xué guī” dì yī tiáo dàyì shì:
比如，丽泽书院《学规》第一条大意是：
For example, the first general idea of Lize Academy's "Guidelines for Learning" is:
Fánshì běn shū yuàn de xuézǐ, dōu yào xiàoshùn zhǎngbèi,
凡是本书院的学子，都要孝顺长辈，
All students in this academy must be filial to their elders,
jìng'ài xiōngzhǎng, wéirén zhōngchéng, shǒu xìnyòng.
敬爱兄长，为人忠诚，守信用。
respect and love their elders, be loyal and keep their promises.
Bù shùncóng cháng bèi,
不顺从长辈，
Shameless people who do not obey their elders,
hé xiōngdì bù yǒushàn,
和兄弟不友善，
are not friendly with their brothers,
yǔ rén bù hémù,
与人不和睦，
are not in harmony with others,
duì péngyou bù zhōngchéng,
对朋友不忠诚，
are not loyal to friends,
yánxíng bù yī,
言行不一，
to say one thing and do another,
shàn yǐ xūwèi de yáncí yǎnshì guòshī de wúchǐ zhī tú,
擅以虚伪的言辞掩饰过失的无耻之徒，
and are able to cover up their faults with hypocritical words.
yījīng fāxiàn, běn shū yuàn dìng bù róngnà.
一经发现，本书院定不容纳。
Once discovered, the Academy will not tolerate them.
Duǎn duǎn yīduàn wénzì tòulù chū zhèyàng de xìnxī:
短短一段文字透露出这样的信息：
A short paragraph of text reveals the message:
Shūyuàn zài rénwén huánjìng de zhìlǐ shàng shì yǒu biāozhǔn de,
书院在人文环境的治理上是有标准的，
The academy has a standard for the governance of the humanistic environment,
nà jiùshì shùlì zhèngqì, tuòqì bēibǐ, duòluò de fǔbài xíngwéi.
那就是树立正气，唾弃卑鄙、堕落的腐败行为。
that is, to establish righteousness and spurn vile and depraved corrupt behavior.
Yīncǐ, yǒu xuéwèn, yǒu dàodé, yǒu chónggāo de jìngjiè,
因此，有学问、有道德、有崇高的境界，
Therefore, knowledge, morality, and lofty realm have become the moral peak
jiù chéngwéile gǔdài zhīshì fēnzǐ lìzhì zhōngshēng pāndēng de dàodé gāofēng.
就成为了古代知识分子立志终生攀登的道德高峰。
that ancient intellectuals determined to climb throughout their lives.
Tíchàng kèkǔ, yánjǐn de zhìxué jīngshén shì gǔdài shūyuàn de gòngtóng tèdiǎn.
提倡刻苦、严谨的治学精神是古代书院的共同特点。
It is a common feature of ancient academies to advocate hard work and rigorous scholarship.
Gǔdài shūyuàn xuéshù sīxiǎng gè yǒu bùtóng,
古代书院学术思想各有不同，
Ancient academies have different academic thoughts,
dàn zhìxué tàidù què jíwéi xiāngsì,
但治学态度却极为相似，
but their academic attitudes are very similar.
rènwéi dúshū méiyǒu qiàomén, méiyǒu jiéjìng,
认为读书没有窍门，没有捷径，
They believe that there are no tricks and no shortcuts to reading.
wéi yǒu fāyáng qínfèn hàoxué de jīngshén,
唯有发扬勤奋好学的精神，
Only by carrying forward the spirit of diligence and learning,
zhāzhā shíshí, yībù yīgè jiǎoyìn, cáinéng zuò hào xuéwèn.
扎扎实实，一步一个脚印，才能做好学问。
to be practical, one step at a time, one can do a good job of learning.
Zài xuéxí fāngfǎ shàng,
在学习方法上，
In terms of learning methods,
tíchàng dúshū chéng sòng,
提倡读书成诵，
it is recommended to read books into recitations,
yīnwèi “shū dú bǎi biàn, qí yì zì jiàn”;
因为“书读百遍，其义自见”；
because "reading a book a hundred times, its meaning is self-explanatory";
tíchàng wēngùzhīxīn;
提倡温故知新;
advocating reviewing the past and learning the new;
tíchàng bóxué qiú jīng;
提倡博学求精;
advocating erudition and pursuing perfection;
tíchàng dúshū xū yǒu yí.
提倡读书须有疑。
advocating reading without doubt.
Shūyuàn zài bànxué fāngfǎ shàng,
书院在办学方法上，
In terms of school-running methods,
nǔlì shíjiàn zìyóu huópō de bànxué sīxiǎng.
努力实践自由活泼的办学思想。
the academy strives to practice free and lively school-running ideas.
Shǒuxiān, shūyuàn běnzhe pín fù píngděng de yuánzé,
首先，书院本着贫富平等的原则，
First of all, based on the principle of equality between the rich and the poor,
chǎngkāi dàmén, zhāoshōu píngmín zǐdì rùxué,
敞开大门，招收平民子弟入学，
the academy opened its doors to enroll civilian children.
zhè zài dāngshí quèshí shì lìng rén zhènhàn de kāimíng zhī jǔ.
这在当时确实是令人震撼的开明之举。
This was indeed a shocking enlightenment at the time.
Qí èr, shūyuàn zhòngshì zìxiū hé yánjiū,
其二，书院重视自修和研究，
Second, the academy attaches great importance to self-study and research,
zài dúshū de guòchéng zhōng chàngyì zìxíng sīkǎo,
在读书的过程中倡议自行思考，
and advocates self-thinking in the process of reading,
dùjué wàilái yīnsù de gānshè, yě bù huìguò duō guòwèn,
杜绝外来因素的干涉，也不会过多过问，
eliminates the interference of external factors, and does not interfere too much,
yǐbiàn kāifā xuéshēng de zìzhǔ xuéxí nénglì,
以便开发学生的自主学习能力，
so as to develop students' autonomous learning ability
jīfā xuéshēng de zhǔdòng xìng hé chuàngzàoxìng.
激发学生的主动性和创造性。
and stimulate students' initiative and creativity.
Qí sān, jiànyú yīgèrén de zhīshì shì yǒuxiàn de,
其三，鉴于一个人的知识是有限的，
Third, given that one’s knowledge is limited
dàjiā de zhīshì shì wúxiàn de,
大家的知识是无限的，
and everyone’s knowledge is infinite,
gè rén jiějué bùliǎo de wèntí, zài zhòngrén de zhìhuì miànqián jiù bùshì wèntí,
个人解决不了的问题，在众人的智慧面前就不是问题，
problems that cannot be solved by the individual are not a problem in the face of the wisdom of everyone.
shūyuàn chàngdǎo hùxiāng qiēcuō, hù xiàng xuéxí.
书院倡导互相切磋、互相学习。
The academy advocates learn from each other by exchanging views and mutual learning.
Qí sì, gǔlì shī shēng zhī jiān xiàng hù zhíyí,
其四，鼓励师生之间相互质疑，
Fourth, encourage teachers and students to question each other to form a learning atmosphere of discussion
xíngchéng tàntǎo zhēngbiàn, qiú zhēn qiúshí de xuéxí fēngqì.
形成探讨争辩、求真求实的学习风气。
and argument, seeking truth and seeking truth from facts.
Lìngwài, zhòngshì guāndiǎn de duōyuán huà,
另外，重视观点的多元化，
In addition, the importance of diversification of viewpoints
kāizhǎn bùtóng guāndiǎn de lùnbiàn, jiāoliú, yěshì shūyuàn tíchàng de.
开展不同观点的论辩、交流，也是书院提倡的。
and the development of debates and exchanges of different viewpoints are also advocated by the academy.
Guāndiǎn duìlì, yǒu fèn qí bùyàojǐn,
观点对立、有分歧不要紧，
It doesn't matter if there are conflicting views or differences.
kāifàng, bǎoshǒu yě wúguān jǐnyào,
开放、保守也无关紧要，
Openness and conservativeness are also irrelevant.
shūyuàn zhǔzhāng bùtóng xuépài, bùtóng zhǔzhāng zhī jiān de zhēngbiàn yǔ jiàoliàng,
书院主张不同学派、不同主张之间的争辩与较量，
The academy advocates disputes and contests between different schools and different opinions.
wèi cǐ shūyuàn shèlìle jiǎngyǎn biànlùn zhìdù, lèisì jīntiān de “lùntán”.
为此书院设立了讲演辩论制度，类似今天的“论坛”。
For this reason, the academy has established a lecture and debate system, similar to today's "forum."
Zhè zhǒng xuéshù huódòng hěn shòu huānyíng,
这种学术活动很受欢迎，
This kind of academic activity is very popular.
xuézǐmen xuéxí rèqíng gāozhàng, xiānghù jīlì,
学子们学习热情高涨，相互激励，
The students are enthusiastic about learning, motivate each other,
qǔchángbǔduǎn, gòngtóng jìnbù.
取长补短，共同进步。
learn from each other's strengths, and make progress together.
Shūyuàn jiǎngjiù zhǎng yòu,
书院讲究长幼，
The academy pays attention to elders and children,
zhùzhòng lǐjié, dàn bù jūnì;
注重礼节，但不拘泥；
pays attention to etiquette, but does not stick to it;
zhǔzhāng kèkǔ zì lì, zìzhǔ xuéxí,
主张刻苦自励，自主学习，
advocates hard work and self-motivation and independent study,
què yòu gǔlì xiānghù zhíyí, biànlùn.
却又鼓励相互质疑、辩论。
but encourages mutual doubt and debate.
Shūyuàn nèi shī shēng guānxì róngqià, gǎnqíng shēnhòu,
书院内师生关系融洽，感情深厚，
The relationship between teachers and students in the academy is harmonious and deep.
xuéshēng zhōngxīn àidài míngshī, yīnwèi tāmen xuéshì guǎngbó,
学生衷心爱戴名师，因为他们学识广博，
The students love the famous teachers because of their extensive knowledge
pǐndéguò rén,
品德过人，
With outstanding moral character,
gěi xuéshēng zuò chūle zuì hǎo de shìfàn,
给学生做出了最好的示范，
they have made the best demonstration for students
shì xuéshēng chóngjìng de ǒuxiàng.
是学生崇敬的偶像。
and are the idol respected by students.
Shūyuàn duì Zhōngguó fēngjiàn shèhuì jiàoyù, xuéshù de fāzhǎn,
书院对中国封建社会教育、学术的发展，
The academy’s contribution to the education and academic development of Chinese feudal society,
chǎnshēngguò zhòngyào yǐngxiǎng.
产生过重要影响。
has had an important impact.
Gǎibiān zì “Běijīng qīngnián bào” wénzhāng “zhōnghuá wénhuà wǔqiānnián sījiā cángshū liǎng qiān nián”
改编自《北京青年报》文章《中华文化五千年私家藏书两千年》
Adapted from "Beijing Youth Daily" article "Five thousand years of Chinese culture and two thousand years of private collection of books"
Full Translation
The ancient Chinese academies
The history of China's book collection is very long, more than 2,000 years old. There are official collections and private collections. In the Tang Dynasty, some people called the place where the books were collected as academies. After that, various academies appeared in endlessly, and some even named their bookstores as academies.
As time passed, the academy gradually developed into an educational institution that combines book collection, teaching and research. For example, Dongjia Academy was the first privately-run academy in the history of Chinese academies that had school fields, established rules and regulations, and accepted students. It existed for more than a thousand years, and its name was changed three or four times. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, academy system was terminated and Dongjia Academy was changed to a school. It can be said that the Dongjia Academy, which sprouted in the Tang, was complete in the Song, and was abolished in the Qing, is a microcosm of the Chinese academy system.
The academy in history is based on the cultivation of talents. It regards soul shaping as as important as learning; promotes hard and rigorous scholarship; strives to practice the free and lively purpose of running a school. The history of the Academy is a precious legacy in the history of ancient Chinese education.
Equal emphasis on morality and industry is the goal of the Academy from beginning to end. Looking at the "Rules of Study" promulgated by the academies of various eras, you can find that the academies value learning and moral cultivation. For example, the first general idea of Lize Academy's "Guidelines for Learning" is: All students in this academy must be filial to their elders, respect and love their elders, be loyal and keep their promises.
Shameless people who do not obey their elders, are not friendly with their brothers, are not in harmony with others, are not loyal to friends, to say one thing and do another, and are able to cover up their faults with hypocritical words. Once discovered, the Academy will not tolerate them.
A short paragraph of text reveals the message: The academy has a standard for the governance of the humanistic environment, that is, to establish righteousness and spurn vile and depraved corrupt behavior. Therefore, knowledge, morality, and lofty realm have become the moral peak that ancient intellectuals determined to climb throughout their lives.
It is a common feature of ancient academies to advocate hard work and rigorous scholarship. Ancient academies have different academic thoughts, but their academic attitudes are very similar. They believe that there are no tricks and no shortcuts to reading. Only by carrying forward the spirit of diligence and learning, to be practical, one step at a time, one can do a good job of learning.
In terms of learning methods, it is recommended to read books into recitations, because "reading a book a hundred times, its meaning is self-explanatory"; advocating reviewing the past and learning the new; advocating erudition and pursuing perfection; advocating reading without doubt.
In terms of school-running methods, the academy strives to practice free and lively school-running ideas.
First of all, based on the principle of equality between the rich and the poor, the academy opened its doors to enroll civilian children. This was indeed a shocking enlightenment at the time.
Second, the academy attaches great importance to self-study and research, and advocates self-thinking in the process of reading, eliminates the interference of external factors, and does not interfere too much, so as to develop students' autonomous learning ability and stimulate students' initiative and creativity.
Third, given that one’s knowledge is limited and everyone’s knowledge is infinite, problems that cannot be solved by the individual are not a problem in the face of the wisdom of everyone. The academy advocates learn from each other by exchanging views and mutual learning.
Fourth, encourage teachers and students to question each other to form a learning atmosphere of discussion and argument, seeking truth and seeking truth from facts. In addition, the importance of diversification of viewpoints and the development of debates and exchanges of different viewpoints are also advocated by the academy.
It doesn't matter if there are conflicting views or differences. Openness and conservativeness are also irrelevant. The academy advocates disputes and contests between different schools and different opinions. For this reason, the academy has established a lecture and debate system, similar to today's "forum."
This kind of academic activity is very popular. The students are enthusiastic about learning, motivate each other, learn from each other's strengths, and make progress together. The academy pays attention to elders and children, pays attention to etiquette, but does not stick to it; advocates hard work and self-motivation and independent study, but encourages mutual doubt and debate.
The relationship between teachers and students in the academy is harmonious and deep. The students love the famous teachers because of their extensive knowledge with outstanding moral character, they have made the best demonstration for students and are the idol respected by students. The academy’s contribution to the education and academic development of Chinese feudal society, has had an important impact.
Adapted from "Beijing Youth Daily" article "Five thousand years of Chinese culture and two thousand years of private collection of books"
HSK 6 playlist: all hsk 6 lessons
HSK 6 workbook audios download
No comments:
Post a Comment